To mark the 100th anniversary of Black History Month, The Royal Gazette will publish three profiles a week of outstanding Black Bermudians from history. Today’s profile is of Mary Prince, who helped end slavery in the British Empire.

Bermudian National Hero Mary Prince was the first woman to publish an account of her life in slavery. The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave, Written by Herself, was published by the Anti-Slavery Society in 1831 in London and Edinburgh.

It was a bestseller, with three editions sold that year, and was so controversial it led to two libel cases. Modern-day scholars consider it a classic because it provides a rare glimpse into the life of an enslaved woman and is an example of early Black Atlantic writings.

It’s a landmark document for Bermuda because The History of Mary Prince is the only first-hand account that exists of the day-to-day life of an enslaved Bermudian. It moved Bermuda to the centre stage of the heated debate about abolition during the 19th century because of its earth-shattering contents.

Published as an anti-slavery treatise, The History of Mary Prince describes in exacting detail the brutal treatment Prince experienced in Bermuda, Turks Island and Antigua. It lent weight to the abolitionist movement, which was at its height in England, when she arrived there in 1828.

Carpenter

Prince was born around 1788 at Brackish Pond in Devonshire on a farm belonging to Charles Myners. Her mother was a domestic slave and her father, whose first name was Prince, was a carpenter, whose enslavers were brothers, Francis and David Trimingham, owners of a shipbuilding business at Crow Lane.

Charles Myners died when Prince was an infant and the property and enslaved people were sold. She and her mother ended up in the household of Captain Williams and she became the playmate of his daughter Betsey.

Separation

In her narrative, Prince describes this period as the happiest of her life. Captain John Williams mistreated his wife, Sarah, and his slaves, but he was away at sea most of the time and her tasks were light.

Her mother gave birth to three boys and two girls during her time in the Williams household. Prince experienced the first separation from her family when she was hired out to a Mrs Pruden when she was about 12. Things became worse after Mrs Williams died.

Prince, her mother and sisters, Hannah and Dinah, were sold to separate enslavers at a slave market in Hamilton by Captain Williams. Prince was sold for £57 to Captain John Ingham and his wife Mary Spencer Ingham, who lived in Spanish Point.

Beatings

During her first night in the Ingham household, stricken with grief at the separation from her family, she heard the cries of Hetty, an enslaved French Black woman, who was being beaten by Ingham.

The beatings got worse and Prince witnessed many of them. Hetty “led a most miserable life”, Prince said. Ingham even whipped Hetty when she was pregnant. Hetty gave birth to a stillborn baby and later died.

Apologised

Hetty’s mind-numbing tasks, which included caring for cattle and children, were passed on to Prince, who received her share of beatings as well. Things became so bad, she ran away to her mother, who was living in the household of Richard Darrell, a future mayor of Hamilton.

Her mother hid her for a time in a cave and then her father got involved. He was still living at Crow Lane and took her back to the Inghams. He apologised on her behalf for running away but appealed to Captain Ingham to “be a kind master to her in future”.

The cruel treatment continued, almost daily. She remained in the Ingham household for about five years but around 1805 she was sold to a Bermudian enslaver named Robert Darrell and almost immediately was put on a sloop that was sailing 1,000 miles south to Turks Island, where he was based. She was not given the opportunity to say goodbye to her family.

Starved

The journey to Turks Island (now Turks and Caicos) took nearly four weeks. It was “unusually long” because of light winds and Prince nearly starved as food supplies dwindled.

At the time, Turks Island was a virtual colony of Bermuda. Bermudians, White enslavers and their Black enslaved workers, raked tons of salt in the salt ponds, which was then sold in the east coast of the US and Canada, for use as a food preservative, including for codfish.

Prince met Darrell in Turks Island, where he owned salt ponds. He had her appraised at £100 and then put her to work. Mr D, she wrote, received a “certain sum” for each of his enslaved workers, who he hired out to other enslavers.

The regimen in the salt ponds was backbreaking. Prince and her fellow slaves worked long hours, standing barefoot in salt ponds in the hot sun. Darrell was sadistic. He often stripped her naked, hung her up by her wrists and beat her.

She said the treatment she received was not unusual. While living in Turks Island, she was temporarily reunited with her mother, who arrived on a sloop with her four-year-old daughter, Rebecca, who Prince had never met.

Courage

Prince remained in Turks Island for about ten years. She returned to Bermuda with Darrell and remained in his household, farming vegetables and doing household work.

Although her work was less back-breaking, her treatment was worse in another way —Darrell sexually abused her. He proved to be a tyrant to his own daughter. Prince had to intervene when he beat her during a drunken stupor.

Despite her powerlessness, Prince demonstrated courage in standing up for herself. She achieved a measure of independence when she was hired out to work in a home at “Cedar Hills” in Warwick and was paid for her services.

While working in “Cedar Hills”, she saw her chance to escape her life with the “indecent” enslaver Darrell, when she heard that merchant John Wood and his wife were moving to Antigua. Darrell agreed to hire her to the Woods, who later purchased her for £100.

Reneged

Around 1816, she sailed to Antigua with the Woods but the relationship was stormy. She became ill and Mrs Wood complained about her work performance and beat her. The Woods threatened to sell her, which Prince wanted, but they reneged.

She was baptised in the Church of England in August 1817 but she later left to join a Moravian church, whose members taught her how to read, without insisting that she get the Woods’ permission.

She had the opportunity to earn money, doing laundry and selling yams and other provisions when the Woods were away in the countryside, leaving her in charge of the household.

In December 1826, she married a free Black man Daniel James, a widowed carpenter, in the Moravian Church, which angered the Woods because they were not told in advance.

Antigua

Prince lived in Antigua for 13 years. By then, her ties to her own family had been permanently severed. Her father died when she and her mother were in Turks Island and her mother died while she was in Antigua.

She knew nothing of the whereabouts of her seven brothers and three sisters, other than that of her eldest sister who had taken up residence in Trinidad as her enslaver’s concubine, and the youngest, Rebecca, who was in Bermuda.

In 1828, she sailed with the Woods to England, where their son had been enrolled in school. She saw it as her chance to obtain the freedom that had been denied her in Antigua.

The Woods had refused to free her even though she had the means to purchase her freedom. Her slave status made marriage to a free man difficult.

Rheumatism

The Woods were no kinder to her in London. Overworked and suffering from rheumatism and realising she was a free person in England, she made her way to the Moravian Church and eventually to the offices of the Anti-Slavery Society. There she sought legal advice about how to win her freedom in Antigua.

In the spring of 1829, she found work as a domestic, but by the end of the year, she was hired to work in the household of Thomas Pringle, the secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society. It was a time when enslaved people were encouraged to share their stories to aid the cause of abolition.

The two libel cases that followed the publication of Prince’s History were settled in 1833, the same year the Emancipation Bill, which freed slaves throughout the British Empire, including Bermuda, was passed by the House of Commons in London.

Prince, aged 45, by then half blind and in poor health, gave evidence at both trials, and then disappeared into the history books. Pringle won the first case but lost the libel case brought against him by the Woods, who said Prince’s report of their treatment of her was untrue.

Defence

The Bermuda Royal Gazette on November 22, 1831, published a spirited defence of the Woods, implying that Prince was a prostitute and wondered why the Anti-Slavery Society would believe her story.

Incredibly, Prince’s narrative never apparently reached the shores of Bermuda until 1985, when an American scholar doing research about Mary Prince presented the Bermuda Archives with a copy.

It gained wider attention in 1988 following its inclusion in The Classic Slave Narratives, edited by Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates.

Bermudian historian Cyril Packwood hailed it as an exciting discovery. He had come across a reference to Prince’s story while doing research for Chained to the Rock, his history of slavery in Bermuda, but he was unable to put his hands on the actual narrative until Gates’s book appeared in local bookstores.

Propaganda

Other than the Woods, enslavers were not identified in the narrative but Dr Moira Ferguson, a professor of English and Women’s Literature at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, did extensive research at the Bermuda Archives to uncover their identities.

The narrative is considered both propaganda for the anti-slavery movement and an example of early Black writing. As one of an estimated 6,000 slave narratives published, it is said to have helped lay the foundation for the Black literary tradition in the West.

Even though scholars concede Prince’s tale was skewed to serve the interests of the abolitionist movement, they don’t doubt its accuracy. It’s on reading lists of women’s and Black studies courses in universities in US and the UK and scholars on both sides of the Atlantic continue to carry out research into Prince’s life story.

Prince had dictated her story to Susanna Strickland, who was a frequent house guest of Thomas Pringle. Strickland later emigrated with her husband to Canada, where she became Canada’s best-known 19th-century author, writing under her married name Susanna Moodie.

Prince, who attended Moodie’s wedding in England, concluded her narrative: “This is slavery. I tell it to let English people know the truth; and I hope they will never leave off to pray God, and call loud to the great King of England, till all the poor Blacks be given free, and slavery done up for evermore.”

Mary Prince’s life speaks volumes about the hardships enslaved people had to endure and their individual acts of courage. Her story of triumph over tragedy continues to inspire nearly 300 years later.

In the United Kingdom, on October 26, 2007, the year of the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade, a plaque was unveiled at the University of London’s Senate House in London, England, to commemorate the accomplishments of Mary Prince.

Mary Prince lived in a house on the site in 1829. The plaque reads: “Mary Prince, 1788-1833, the first African woman to publish her memoirs of slavery lived in a house on this site in 1829.”

In Bermuda, Mary Prince was declared a National Hero in 2012 and in 2020, the second day of Cup Match was renamed Mary Prince Day.

• Meredith Ebbin is a former journalist and historian. This article can be found in bermudabiographies.com