often called infectious diseases. Some diseases can be transmitted more easily than others.

The disease process begins when a pathogen (germ) gets into the body. These pathogens can enter the body through the nose, skin and mouth and affect the different systems of the body. Most infectious diseases are caused by one of six types of pathogens. The most common ones are bacteria and viruses. Most bacteria do not infect humans, but those that do may cause serious illnesses such as meningitis, strep throat, scarlet fever and tetanus. Medications called antibiotics are prescribed to either kill the bacteria or weaken them enough for the body to get rid of them. Common antibiotics are penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline.

Viruses can cause many diseases, including the common cold. Once inside the body, they can be difficult to eliminate. The body's immune system is the main defence against them. The immune system is very good at fighting disease.

Special white blood cells that are responsible for identifying invading pathogens, gather around and release antibodies. These antibodies weaken or destroy the pathogens. Pathogens can enter the body through direct, indirect, airborne and vector borne contact.

Direct contact transmission occurs when a person comes in contact with the body fluids from an infected person. Indirect contact transmission occurs when a person comes into contact with objects that have been contaminated with the blood or body fluids of an infected person.

Airborne transmission occurs when a person breathes in droplets that become airborne when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Vector borne transmission occurs when an animal or insect transmits a pathogen through a bite.

Some diseases, such as the common cold, are passed from one person to another more easily than others. Other diseases cause more severe problems, where the patient can be seriously ill and slow to recover. They can also cause prolonged illness and death. Diseases that cause concern are herpes, meningitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV infection.

Childhood diseases are measles, mumps, rubella etc. Most people have been immunised against childhood diseases. Only recently has there been a vaccine developed to hopefully prevent chicken pox.

Preventing infectious diseases begins with maintaining good health and always practising good personal hygiene such as washing hands before and after food preparation, and after using the toilet. Always cover your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing. If you have an infectious disease, be kind to others.

Limit your contact with people until you have recovered from your infection.

Rhonda C.K. Daniels Nurse Epidemiologist Department of Health