CHICAGO (AP) – Ninety percent of physicians surveyed said doctors overtest and overtreat to protect themselves from malpractice lawsuits.

That sentiment is more common among male doctors than female doctors, according to the survey published this week in Archives of Internal Medicine. The findings echo a recent Associated Press story in which many emergency room doctors said lawsuit fears are the main reason for overtreating in the ER.

The Archives survey of 1,231 physicians nationwide included ER doctors and other specialists, surgeons and primary care doctors. The survey asked two questions: "Do physicians order more tests and procedures than patients need to protect themselves from malpractice suits?" And, "Are protections against unwarranted malpractice lawsuits needed to decrease the unnecessary use of diagnostic tests?"

Overall, 91 percent of doctors surveyed agreed with both statements.

Survey co-author Dr. Tara Bishop, an internist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, said the results jibe with what she hears from colleagues.

"When you sit around at a dinner party with doctors, malpractice fears and a kind of hatred of the malpractice system really comes up as a common theme," Bishop said.

Paul Perantinides, a medical malpractice attorney in Akron, Ohio said most of his cases involve doctors failing to test – a point that Bishop said emphasises why doctors sometimes order so many tests.

Bishop said lawsuit fears sometimes play a role in her own decisions to order tests, "particularly if it's a high-risk patient".

Bishop noted that defensive medicine is estimated to cost the US healthcare system billions of dollars each year, and said many doctors worry they could be sued even when they follow standard-of-care guidelines.

Patient advocate Helen Haskell of the group Mothers against Medical Errors said she isn't surprised so many doctors say they overtest because of malpractice concerns.

"I think they certainly believe that, but at the same time the overtesting is both easy and profitable for them rather than spending time with the patient ... to get to the root of things," said Haskell, of Columbia, South Carolina. Her 15-year-old son died in 2000 from a medical error after elective surgery. Doctors agreed to a hefty settlement without a lawsuit being filed.

Bishop and colleagues randomly selected doctors for the survey from an American Medical Association list of US doctors. A total of 2,416 were mailed surveys starting in June last year; half sent in responses and data collection ended in October.