Barring a collapse in the last few weeks of the year, US stocks will post their ninth consecutive calendar-year gain once you include dividends. The only other time the S&P 500 has advanced for nine straight years on the basis of total returns was in the 1990s, when stocks were positive every year from 1991 to 1999.

The S&P 500 has returned more than 20 per cent in 2017. So this will also mark the seventh year out of the past nine that it has finished with a double-digit gain.

Gains of this magnitude are sure to make some investors nervous. There have been calls of “too far, too fast” and “the easy money has been made” throughout the current bull market. But double-digit gains are not an outlier in the stock market; they are the norm.

And as you consider 2018, remember that double-digit gains are just as likely.

Over the past 90 years, the S&P 500 has shown 66 calendar-year gains and 24 losses. This means stocks have advanced roughly three out of every four years. And in that time, the annualised return was 9.6 per cent.

Averages never tell the whole story and calendar-year returns are rarely average in the stock market. Of those 66 positive annual gains, the average return was almost 21 per cent. And 51 of those 66 years saw double-digit returns. In fact, the year finished with a gain in the range of 8 per cent to 12 per cent in just four of the past 90 years, less than 5 per cent of the time. Stocks have finished the year with a gain in excess of 20 per cent one-third of the time.

A similar pattern appears when stocks fall. The average annual loss during down years was 14 per cent. Of the 24 down years, 11 had double-digit drops. On six of those occasions, stocks fell 20 per cent or more. When the up and down years are combined, we see that 70 per cent of all calendar-year returns are double-digit gains or losses.

There is one aspect of the market that has been somewhat of an outlier in 2017: downside volatility. This year could be remembered as one of the least volatile for the stock market. Going beyond losses from the beginning to the end of the year we can also look at peak-to-trough losses throughout the year to get a better understanding of the typical up-and-down pattern investors can expect from stocks.

The average intra-year drawdown is a little more than 13 per cent, but you can see it varies widely over time. For 2017, the worst drawdown is less than 3 per cent, which is the lowest it’s been since the mid-1990s. It’s rare to see a year when the worst loss from a short-term peak is less than 5 per cent.

These data show that more than half of all years had a double-digit drawdown at some point but it also shows how rare it is to see a year when stocks don’t correct at least 5 per cent or more. More than 92 per cent of all years have experienced a 5 per cent correction or worse in this time. Unless we see a sell-off into the end of the year, 2017 will turn out to be an extremely calm one for equity investors.

No one can predict what any single year will bring for the stock market, But this information can be helpful for investors looking at 2018 market outlooks. They can set baselines upon which to build their expectations. Based on the historical data, that baseline is a high probability for double-digit moves in stocks that have little resemblance to the long-term average annual returns.

The only problem for investors is that the average annual gain of 21 per cent and the average annual loss of 14 per cent offer a wide range to work with. When stocks are up they tend to be up big and when stocks are down, look out below.

Ben Carlson is director of institutional asset management at Ritholtz Wealth Management. He is the author of Organisational Alpha: How to Add Value in Institutional Asset Management