The bounty of the ocean could help Bermudians survive the global impact of climate change, but fish stocks need to be protected and monitored, according to a report on the effects of climate change.

During Bermuda's 400-year history fish stocks have been "severely depleted", particularly the landings of yellowfin tuna and wahoo between 1975 and 1998.

However, with food security "one of the most significant challenges facing society" in the event of climate change, Dr. Anne Glasspool says fishing will become a vital food source.

"Bermuda's current reliance on international imports makes us extremely vulnerable," she writes in her climate change report.

"Increasing local food availability through fishing may become an essential adaptation to the threats posted by climate change, but given the historical pressure the fishery has faced, it will be particularly critical that sound management practices prepare for heavier fishing practices in concert with any risks from climate change."

She recommends a Coastal Zone Management Plan to minimise the destruction of nursery habitats.

The new Coastal Conservation Zone in the Bermuda Plan 2008 is "an important step towards this", in protecting terrestrial habitats. However Dr. Glasspool adds: "Provision for coastal marine habitats is urgently needed."

Sea level rises will result in the loss of seagrasses and mangroves, important fish nurseries.

Dr. Glasspool also says vigilance is needed in the protection of Bermuda's coral reefs.

Covering 550 square kilometres, the Island's reefs not only provide a protective barrier against encroaching storms but are essential to supporting local fisheries and the tourism industry.

Bermuda's reef system is the most northerly in the world but rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidity could threaten its survival.

Dr. Glasspool says conservative management and prevention of overfishing is the best approach, and ventures the creation of Marine Protected Areas.

Although the 1966 Coral Reef Preserves Act and 1978 Fisheries Act have protected Bermuda's coral reefs, Dr. Glasspool says: "Establishing protected areas might afford protection to the whole ecosystem."